The Past Simple Tense

Put the verbs into the past simple tense and then make questions and negative sentences:

1 They _____ (go) shopping two days ago.

2 He _____ (wait) for her last Saturday.

3 They _____ (be) at the bus station last week.

4 The Browns _____ (buy) a car last month.

5 Her brother _____ (see) her at 11 o'clock.

Write the past tense of the verbs:

can, come, do, find, get, give, go, have, leave, run, see, take, throw

Did you do any of these things yesterday?

- stay at home

- go to the airport

- take some photographs

- see a famous person

- buy a car

- miss a bus

- run ten kilometres

- find a bag of money

Make the questions to complete the dialogue:

A: (have a good holiday) e.g. Did you have a good holiday?

B: Oh, yes, it was great!

A: (Where / go)?

B: We went to France.

A: (Who / go with)?

B: I went with my parents.

A: (fly)?

B: No, we went by car.

A: (stay in a hotel)?

B: No, we didn't. We took our caravan.

A: (visit Paris)?

B: Oh, yes, we did.

A: (What / see)?

B: We saw lots of things. You know, the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum...

A: (buy / souvenirs)?

B: Oh, yes. I bought lots of things.

A: (get back yesterday)?
B: No, we came back on Saturday.

A: (like Paris)?

B: Oh, yes. It was wonderful.

Complete the story. Use the past form of: be, come, invent and play.

The Romans _____ football. When they _____ to England, football _____ too. All the people in one village _____ against all the people in another village. There _____ sometimes 200 players in a village football team!

The Past Simple Tense (irregular verbs)

In English, there are some verbs with irregular past form. We must learn them by heart. 

I saw her last night. (an activity which took place in a definite past time)

She bought that dress in Paris.

During the summer, they went swimming every day. (a habitual action)

To make questions we need DID and the infinitive of the main verb:

Did you take your dog for a walk last night?

Did John go to the library this morning?

For negative forms, we need DIDN'T and the infinitive of the main verb:

They didn't come at seven o'clock.

He didn't do his homework.

*****

U engleskom jeziku neki glagoli imaju nepravilni oblik u prošlosti. Moramo da ih učimo napamet.

I saw her last night. (Video-la sam je sinoć. - aktivnost koja se desila u tačno određenom trenutku u prošlosti)

She bought that dress in Paris. (Kupila je tu haljinu u Parizu.)

During the summer, they went swimming every day. (Tokom leta, išli su na plivanje svakoga dana. - navika)

Za upitne rečenice treba nam pomoćni glagol DID i infinitiv glavnog glagola:

Did you take your dog for a walk last night? (Da li ste sinoć izveli psa u šetnju?)

Did John go to the library this morning? (Da li je Džon jutros išao u biblioteku?)

Za odrične rečenice treba nam DIDN'T i infinitiv glavnog glagola:

They didn't come at seven o'clock. (Nisu došli u sedam sati.)

He didn't do his homework. (Nije uradio svoj domaći.)

Put the verbs in brackets into the past tense:

1 I _____ (buy) some books last week.

2 Her mother _____ (make) some very delicious cakes last Sunday. 

3 She _____ (bring) the good news a moment ago.

4 She _____ (know) when he was at school.

5  I _____ (read) a lot last year.

Make the sentences interrogative and negative:

1  John left at 3 o'clock. (5 o'clock)

2  He forgot her name. (phone number)

3 They went to the seaside last month. (the mountains)

4 The child ate some sweets before lunch. (breakfast)

5  She took these books from the library on Monday. (Friday)

Translate into English:

1. Smitovi su proveli mesec dana u Škotskoj prošle godine.

2. Pre nekoliko minuta sam ostavila novine na ovom stolu.

3. Kupili su ovu kuću pre 2 godine.

4. Naš čas je počeo u 9.55.

5. Juče je napisala 2 pisma.

The Past Simple Tense (regular verbs)

We use the past simple tense for actions that finished in the past:

I watched TV last night.

She visited Italy last summer.

He tried to finish his homework before going to school.

We missed our football practice yesterday.

They arrived here two days ago.

In affirmative sentences most regular verbs get the -ed ending. This ending can be pronounced as /t/ (looked), /d/ (played) or /id/ (wanted).

To make questions or negative forms, we need DID and the infinitive of the main verb:

Did she travel alone?

Did you play football yesterday?

Why did you help him?

We didn't discuss the matter before dinner.

I hope you didn't wait for me yesterday.

*****

Prošlo prosto vreme se upotrebljava za radnju koja se završila u prošlosti:

I watched TV last night. (Sinoć sam gledala TV.)

She visited Italy last summer. (Posetila je Italiju prošlog leta.)

He tried to finish his homework before going to school. (Pokušao je da završi domaći pre polaska u školu.)

We missed our football practice yesterday. (Propustili smo trening fudbala juče.)

They arrived here two days ago. (Stigli su ovde pre dva dana.)

U potvrdnim rečenicama većina pravilnih glagola dobija -ed nastavak. Ovaj nastavak se izgovara kao /t/ (looked), /d/ (played) ili /id/ (wanted).

Za upitne i odrične rečenice, treba nam pomoćni glagol DID i infinitiv glavnog glagola:

Did she travel alone? (Da li je putovala sama?)

Did you play football yesterday? (Da li ste igrali fudbal juče?)

Why did you help him? (Zašto ste mu pomogli?)

We didn't discuss the matter before dinner. (Nismo o tome raspravljali pre večere.)

I hope you didn't wait for me yesterday. (Nadam se da me niste čekali juče.)

Complete the sentences:

1 He _____ (miss) the train.

2 A taxi _____ (arrive) at 11 o'clock.

3 Mrs Smith _____ (carry) two large bags.

4 John _____ (stay) at home yesterday.

5 Mary _____ (walk) a lot.

6 David _____ (travel) by plane. 

7 Steven _____ (help) his grandpa.

8 Don _____ (like) his holiday very much.

9 I _____ (play) basketball yesterday.

10 Mr Johnson _____ (work) hard last year.

Write the verbs in the correct column (/d/, /t/, /id/):
watched, wanted, locked, jumped, needed, shouted, cried, loved, learned, stopped, looked, owned, accepted, talked, liked, helped, visited, started.

Correct the mistakes:

1 Did you watched television yesterday?

2 Yesterday I visit a friend's house.

3 What did you studied?

4 I didn't travelled by train.

5 He didn't skied in the mountains.

COULD

COULD is the past form of the modal CAN. 

It expresses somebody's ability that lasted longer in the past:

Emma could play the piano when she was four.

Ben could read when he was five.

The children could swim when they were quite young.

It also shows some past opportunity:

In those days they had a car so they could travel very easily.

We use COULD in polite requests:

I wonder if you could explain something to me.

Could you show me the way?

Could you help me, please?

Compare the uses in the present and past:

- ability (She can read Arabic. --> She could read Arabic when she was four.)

- prohibition (You can't smoke there, it's not allowed. --> They couldn't smoke there.)

- request (Can you help me, please? --> Could you help me, please?)

- invitation (Can you come to the cinema? --> Could you come to the cinema?)

- permission (Can I open the window? --> Could I open the window?)

Translate into English:

1. Možete li da dođete na žurku?

2. Nadamo se da možemo naći vremena da ih opet posetimo.

3. Ne mogu da odu dok se Tom ne vrati.

4. Znate li da vozite kola?

5. Uzmite koliko možete da ponesete.

6. Zašto ne možete da ostavite dete na miru?

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of CAN and COULD:

1 Baby _____ walk when she was a year old.

2 Jane _____ talk when she was a year old, but she _____ now.

3 Mary _____ go to school today because of her cold.

4 Meg _____ speak French when she was a child, but now she _____.

5 Sam _____ play tennis very well now, but he _____ play quite well when he was younger.

6 Lisa _____ sing now, but she _____ sing very well when she was a child.

Put the sentences into the past:

1 Jack can't help Stella.

2 Can you make some tea?

3 Can I look at your photos?

4 He can't remember the address.

5 I can't go there.

Adverbs

Most English adverbs are made of an adjective and the -ly adding (quietly, happily, beautifully...).

He is a slow driver. --> He drives slowly. (How does he drive?)

Fill in the correct missing adverb: deeply, nearly, hardly, prettily, simply

1 I can _____ understand what they want.

2 I _____ don't know what to say.

3 She was _____ dressed last night.

4 I was _____ touched by her words.

5 It's not _____ so important as you think.

TO BE Past Simple

Complete the list:

I was - I _____

you _____ - you weren't

he/she/it _____ - he/she/it wasn't

we/they were - we/they _____ 

Make the sentences interrogative and negative:

1 He was tired. (hungry)

2 The children were in the car. (at the beach)

3 They were at the airport. (station)

4 The cottage was near the beach. (far from)

5 The plane was late. (on time)

Fill in the blanks with the  correct past form of TO BE:

1 Where _____ your friend last night?

2 Jimmy _____ ill yesterday.

3 Those cakes _____ nice.

4 It _____ a very exciting trip.

5 The boys _____ in the middle of a game of cards.

6 Emma _____ very well yesterday.

7 The gates _____ open.

8 _____ your steak nice?

9 It _____ a very clear night.

10 The streets _____  crowded with people.

HOW MUCH/MANY

To ask about quantity use HOW MUCH (+uncountable noun) and to ask about the number of something use HOW MANY (+countable noun):

How much work do you have to do today?

How many boys are running about the park?

Make questions with HOW MUCH or HOW MANY:

1 _____ stamps do you need?

2 _____ books are there at the library?

3 _____ coffee do you want?

4 _____ sheep are at the farm?

5 _____ petrol do you want?

6 _____ milk do we need?

Irregular Comparison of Adjectives

Some adjectives have irregular comparison:

good - better (than) - the best,

bad - worse (than) - the worst,

little - less (than) - the least,

much / many - more (than) - the most

Complete the sentences:

1 A pound of the _____ (good) butter, please.

2 He knows French _____ (much) than his brother, but _____ (little) than Peter.

3 She has _____ (many) Italian books than German.

4 He is _____ (bad) swimmer in our class.

5 Tom is _____ (ill) today than yesterday.  

Years

In English, we say years as 2 groups of 2-digit numbers (1588 --> fifteen eighty-eight).

Say the years:

1492

1625

1991

1807

1516

1763

1066

Saxon Genitive

Complete the sentences with the correct genitive form:

1 The _____ (cat) paws were quite clean.

2 This isn't my book. It must be _____ (Mary).

3 He knows so much. He gets it from the _____ (horse) mouth.

4 _____ (Alice) doll is pretty.

5 I don't know her _____ (brother) friends.

Translate into English:

1. Da li je ovo Tomova kapa? - Ne, kapa je Džonova.

2. Idi kod mesara i kupi meso.

3. Lusina soba je na prvom spratu.

4. Dečija večera je gotova.

5. Orlova krila su velika i snažna.

TO BE Past Simple

TO BE can be both an auxiliary (in some tenses) and a main verb. It has 2 past forms - WAS (with I, he, she, it) and WERE (with we, you, they).

She was born in 1993.

When they were young they were good friends. 

For negative forms, add NOT after TO BE:

There weren't many cars in the street yesterday.

She wasn't at school two days ago.

For questions, change the order of the subject and TO BE:

Where were you last night?

Were you at home?

Was he late for his first lesson today?

Why was he late?

*****

Glagol TO BE može da bude modalni i glavni glagol. ima 2 oblika u prošlosti - WAS (uz I, he, she, it) i WERE (uz we, you, they).

She was born in 1993. (Rođena je 1993.)

When they were young they were good friends. (Kada su bili mladi bili su dobri drugari.)

Za odrične oblike, dodaj NOT posle TO BE:

There weren't many cars in the street yesterday. (Juče nije bilo mnogo kola na ulici.)

She wasn't at school two days ago. (Nije bila u školi pre dva dana.)

Kod pitanja, zameni mesto subjekta i glagola TO BE:

Where were you last night? (Gde ste bili sinoć?)

Were you at home? (Da li ste bili kod kuće?)

Was he late for his first lesson today? (Da li je zakasnio danas na prvi čas?)

Why was he late? (Zašto je zakasnio?)

Translate into English:

1. Ove nedelje je bio veoma zauzet.

2. Bilo je mnogo ljudi na žurci.

3. Juče je bio četvrtak.

4. Prošle godine su bili u petom razredu.

5. Dani su bili hladni prošlog januara.

Put the sentences into the past simple:

1 We are at school. (yesterday)

2 Ed's dog is in the garden. (in the street five minutes ago)

3 The bird is not in the cage now. (yesterday evening)

4 The girls are at the playground. (yesterday)

5 The horses are in the field. (in the barn 15 minutes ago)

WAS or WERE:

1 Where _____ Jack yesterday?

2 What day _____ it yesterday?

3 Where _____ they last week?

4 I _____ at home yesterday afternoon.

5 We _____ at school yesterday.

Ask each other round the class:

1 Was it cold last August?

2 Were you at school last Sunday?

3 Were you ill yesterday?

4 Who was absent last week?

5 What day was the day before yesterday?

Complete the  conversation with the past forms of TO BE:
Jim: _____ you at the match last night?
Joe: Yes, I _____.
Jim: _____ it a good match?
Joe: It _____ all right. 
Jim: What about Owen? _____ he good?
Joe: Oh, yes. He _____ brilliant. But the others _____ very good too. Where _____ you? 

Jim:  I _____ at the U2 concert.
Joe: Oh, _____ they good?  

Jim:  They _____ great.
Joe: Where _____ the concert? 

Jim: It _____ at the Hyde Park.

Regular Comparison of Adjectives

Most adjectives get the -er ending in comparative and the -est ending in superlative:

short - shorter - the shortest,

happy - happier - the happiest,

thin - thinner - the thinnest

Complete the sentences:

1 Do you want the _____ (big) or the _____ (small) size?

2 John is the _____ (old) and Mary is the _____ (young) in the family.

3 Newton is one of the _____ (great) British scientists.

4 There are _____ (few) desks here than in the other classroom.

5 Where is the _____ (near) florist's?

'Going to' Future

GOING TO is used for plans or decisions in the near future.

affirmative form (+): subject + TO BE + GOING TO + infinitive

I am going to work after lunch.

He is going to sell his car.

She is going to be a doctor.

It's going to rain. (possibility)

interrogative form (?): TO BE + subject + GOING TO + infinitive

Are you going to wait here all day?

Is she going to come soon?

negative form (-): subject + TO BE + NOT + GOING TO + infinitive

I am not  going to answer all these questions.

She isn't going to sell her car. 

Fill in the blanks:

1 I _____ (take) a rest.

2 We _____ (try) it again.

3 He _____ (not buy) a new car this year.

4 Do you think it _____ (be) a cold day?

5 When _____ Tom (see) her?

The Plural of Nouns

The spelling of some nouns changes in the plural:

a country - countries,

a baby - babies,

a leaf - leaves,

a knife - knives

Write the plurals:

enemy - _____,

thief - _____,

life - _____,
party - _____,
fly - _____,
city - _____,

wolf - _____.

Fill in the blanks with the correct plural form:

1 Their _____ (wife) are very good _____ (secretary).
2 Billy has a room full of _____ (toy).
3 There are several _____ (knife) on the table.

4 Their _____ (daughter) are lovely _____ (lady).

5 Jane keeps on losing her car _____ (key).

Fill in the blanks with the correct plural form of the bolded nouns:
1 Tommy's hobby is  collecting stamps. His friends have different _____.

2 This leaf is brown and the _____ on that tree are yellow.

3 Mr White has a new key made every month. He is always losing his _____.

4 Mary has a canary. Ann has two _____.
5 Jimmy buys a new toy every month. His room is full of _____.

6 There is only one knife on that table. I can's find any more _____.

MUST

MUST is a modal verb. We use it to show:

- obligation: I must see him now.

- prohibition: You must not do that.

- impatience: Must you talk like that?

affirmative form (+): subject + MUST + bare infinitive

negative form (-): subject + MUST + NOT + bare infinitive (change of meaning),

                         or subject + DON'T/DOESN'T HAVE TO + infinitive

interrogative form (?): MUST + subject + bare infinitive 

Use MUST or MUSTN'T:

1 You _____ come at the right time.

2 We _____ sit on the grass - it's still wet.

3 He _____ eat so much. It's not good for the heart.

4 I _____ go and see him. He's ill.

5 She _____ lie to me if she wants me to help her.

Translate into English:

1. Ona ne sme da ostane dugo.

2. Koliko je sati? - Ne znam, ali mora da je kasno.

3. Sutra Džon mora da dođe vrlo rano.

4. Moram da vratim ovu knjigu.

5. Moraš li da budeš tako nespretan?

SOME/ANY

To show quantity or indefinite number of something, we use SOME or ANY.

affirmative form (+) - SOME: 

They want some bread for breakfast.

negative (-) and interrogative (?) forms - ANY:

Do you have any salt?

We don't need any butter.

Look at the picture and write sentences:

e.g eggs - water: There are some eggs and there is some water.

1 potatoes - meat

2 sweets - bananas

3 milk - sugar

4 butter - bread

5 salt - rice

Make the sentences interrogative and negative:

1 There are some cakes on the plate. (cherries)

2 There are some books on the shelf. (toys)

3 There is some meat in the fridge. (milk)

4 There is some orange juice in the jug. (apricot juice)

5 There are some flowers for Jane. (presents)

Complete the sentences:

1 May I have _____ tea? - Sorry, there isn't _____ in the pot.

2 Have _____ more jam.

3 Do you have _____ money to spare? - Yes, I have _____.

There is/There are

The expression 'There is' / 'There are' shows the existence of something.

There is + sg noun: There is a park in my town.

There are + pl noun: There are a lot of buildings in New York.

*****
Izraz "There is" / "There are" (ima, nalazi se) pokazuje postojanje nečega.

There is + imenica u jednini: U mom gradu postoji jedan park.
There are + imenica u množini: Ima mnogo zgrada u Njujorku.

Write Is or Are:
1 There _____ a cake in the fridge.
2 _____ there many cars in the street?
3 There ____ twenty pupils on the bus.
4 There _____ a book on the shelf.
5 _____ there a letter in the box?

Adjectives

Find the opposites:

sunny, young, warm, happy, dirty, right, wide

clean, left, narrow, rainy, unhappy, old, cold

Present Tenses

Complete the text with the correct form of the verb:

Peter (live) _____ in Glasgow. At the moment he (sit) _____ near a swimming pool. He usually (read) _____ computer magazines but now he (read) _____ a comic. At the moment he (eat) _____ a hamburger and (drink) _____ some lemonade. For lunch at work, he usually (eat) _____ a sandwich and (drink) _____ a cup of tea. At the moment he (listen) _____ to a cassette.

Fill in the blanks with the correct present form of the verb in brackets:

1 The earth _____ (go) round the sun.

2 There she is! She _____ (make) sandwiches.

3 Tom often _____ (help) his father.

4 He is boring. He _____ (ask) the same question again and again.

5 Look at them! They _____ (swim) perfectly.

6 We can't go out, the wind _____ (blow).

7 Look! Mr Smith _____ (drive) his new BMW.

8 Charlie's dog _____ (bark) a lot.

9 Bill often _____ (go) fishing.

10 There they are! They _____ (run) about the park.

Make the sentences interrogative and negative:

1 He is writing another story. (poem)

2 Winter begins in December. (October)

3 The Browns live in London. (the Greens)

4 There is some Sprite in the bottle. (Fanta)

5 They are looking at the picture. (the clock)

6 There is some salt at home. (pepper)

7 The Greens have a garden. (the Browns)

8 He is reading a magazine. (his homework)

9 They are carrying their umbrellas. (bags)

10 Summer begins in June. (April)

Translate into English:
1. Šta radite? - Sedimo i razgovaramo.
2. Više ne pada kiša, sad sija sunce.
3. Braunovi sede u sobi. Otac čita današnje novine, majka gleda televiziju, a u drugoj sobi Džon svira violinu.
4. Šta kupujete? - Kafu i šećer.
5. Gde su deca sada? - Sede za stolom i piju mleko.
6. Šta Dženi radi u kuhinji? - Mesi kolače. 

The Plural of Nouns

Most nouns get the -s ending in the plural form:

a pen - pens,

a book - books

The others, ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -o or -x get the -es ending:

a bus - buses,

a class - classes,

a brush - brushes,

a watch - watches,

a tomato - tomatoes,

a box - boxes.

There are also nouns with the irregular plural:

a man - men,

a woman - women,

a child - children,

a foot - feet,

a tooth - teeth,

a goose - geese,

a mouse - mice. 

Write the plurals:

church - _____,

volcano - _____,

sheep - _____,

tooth - _____,

spoon - _____,

postman - _____,

child - _____,
ox - _____.

Fill in the blanks with the correct plural form:
1 A dog has four _____ (foot).

2 Are the _____ (tomato) ripe?
3 There are twelve _____ (month) in a year.
4 A man has thirty-two _____ (tooth).

5 Are the _____ (potato) cooked?


Fill in the blanks with the correct plural form of the bolded nouns:

1 I have five toes on one foot. I have ten toes on my two _____.

2 This fox is fine, but the other _____ don't look well.

3 Katie's granny has a goose. Her aunt has a lot of _____.
4 We have one box of chocolates here. We need a few more _____.